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The European Goldfinch or Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) is a small passerine bird in the finch family.

Contents [hide]
1 Habitat and range
2 Description
3 Taxonomy
4 Behaviour
5 Relationships with humans
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Habitat and range
The goldfinch breeds across Europe, North Africa, and western and central Asia, in open, partially wooded lowlands. It is resident in the milder west of its range, but migrates from colder regions. It will also make local movements, even in the west, to escape bad weather. It has been introduced to many areas of the world.[1]

[edit] Description
The average Goldfinch is 12–13 cm long with a wingspan of 21–25 cm and a weight of 14 to 19 grams. The sexes are broadly similar, with a red face, black and white head, warm brown upperparts, white underparts with buff flanks and breast patches, and black and yellow wings. On closer inspection male Goldfinches can often be distinguished by a larger, darker red mask that extends just behind the eye. In females, the red face does not reach the eye. The ivory-coloured bill is long and pointed, and the tail is forked. Goldfinches in breeding condition have a white bill, with a greyish or blackish mark at the tip for the rest of the year. Juveniles have a plain head and a greyer back but are unmistakable due to the yellow wing stripe. Birds in central Asia (caniceps group) have a plain grey head behind the red face, lacking the black and white head pattern of European and western Asian birds.[2][3]

[edit] Taxonomy
The species is divided into two major groups, each comprising several races. The two groups intergrade at their boundary, so the caniceps group is not recognised as a distinct species despite its readily distinguishable plumage.

Carduelis carduelis carduelis group.
Carduelis carduelis balcanica. Southeastern Europe.
Carduelis carduelis brevirostris. Crimea, north Caucasus.
Carduelis carduelis britannica. British Isles.
Carduelis carduelis carduelis. Most of European mainland, Scandinavia.
Carduelis carduelis loudoni. South Caucasus, Iran.
Carduelis carduelis major. Western Siberia.
Carduelis carduelis niediecki. Southwest Asia, northeast Africa.
Carduelis carduelis parva. Atlantic Macaronesic Islands (Canary I., Madeira), Iberia[citation needed] , northwest Africa.
Carduelis carduelis tschusii. Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily.
Carduelis carduelis caniceps group.
Carduelis carduelis caniceps. Southern central Asia.
Carduelis carduelis paropanisi. Afghanistan to western Himalaya and Tien Shan.
Carduelis carduelis subulata. South-central Siberia.
Linnaeus classified the bird as Fringilla carduelis.